Presumptions of law
Full Text
Neither party need in any pleading allege any matter of fact which the law presumes in his favour or as to which the burden of proof lies upon the other side unless the same has first been specifically denied (e.g., consideration for a bill of exchange where the plaintiff sues only on the bill and not for the consideration as a substantive ground of claim).
Plain English Summary
Exempts parties from pleading facts that the law already presumes in their favor or where the statutory burden of proof lies upon the adversary.
Key Legal Elements
- Statutory Presumptions Protected: Facts presumed under law (e.g., Sec. 118 Negotiable Instruments Act, legitimate birth, regularity of official acts) need not be affirmatively asserted.
- Shifting of Burden: Burden of displacing the presumption falls on the contesting party.
- Specific Denial Trigger: Must be specifically traversed only after the adversary denies the presumed fact.
Practical Note
Cheque & Negotiable Instruments Suits: When filing a civil suit under Order XXXVII on a dishonored cheque or promissory note, the plaintiff need not plead or prove passing of consideration in the plaint, as Section 118 of the Negotiable Instruments Act statutorily presumes consideration.
हिंदी पाठ
दोनों में से किसी भी पक्षकार को किसी अभिवचन में तथ्य के किसी ऐसे विषय का अभिकथन करने की आवश्यकता नहीं होगी जिसकी विधि उसके पक्ष में उपधारणा करती है अथवा जिसके बारे में सबूत का भार दूसरे पक्षकार पर है, जब तक कि उसका पहले विनिर्दिष्ट रूप से इनकार न किया गया हो (जैसे विनिमय-पत्र के लिए प्रतिफल, जहां वादी केवल विनिमय-पत्र के आधार पर वाद लाता है, न कि दावे के सारवान् आधार के रूप में प्रतिफल के आधार पर)।