Bar to further suit
Full Text
Where a plaintiff is precluded by rules from instituting a further suit in respect of any particular cause of action, he shall not be entitled to institute a suit in respect of such cause of action in any Court to which this Code applies.
Plain English Summary
Section 12 enacts a statutory bar prohibiting a plaintiff from filing a fresh suit on a cause of action whenever the procedural rules of the Code (such as Order 2 Rule 2, Order 9 Rule 9, Order 22 Rule 9, or Order 23 Rule 1) bar such institution.
Key Legal Elements
- Statutory Enforcement of Rules: Translates procedural bars contained in the First Schedule rules into an absolute statutory bar in the body of the Code.
- Primary Rule-Based Bars: Enforces prohibitions under Order 2 Rule 2 (splitting claims), Order 9 Rule 9 (default dismissal), Order 22 Rule 9 (abatement), and Order 23 Rule 1(3) (unconditional withdrawal).
- Identity of Cause of Action: The bar applies specifically to the same bundle of facts constituting the original cause of action; new or subsequent causes of action remain unaffected.
- Threshold Rejection: Suits instituted in violation of Section 12 are barred by law and liable to rejection under Order 7 Rule 11(d).
Practical Note
Strategic weapon for defendants: Section 12 provides statutory teeth to rule-based bars. Check the plaintiff's prior litigation history—if an earlier suit on the same cause of action was (1) dismissed for plaintiff's default while defendant appeared (Order 9 Rule 9), (2) omitted a claim/relief without court leave (Order 2 Rule 2), (3) abated for failure to substitute legal heirs (Order 22 Rule 9), or (4) withdrawn without formal liberty to institute fresh proceedings (Order 23 Rule 1(3)), file an immediate application under Order 7 Rule 11(d) read with Section 12 to reject the plaint as barred by law.
हिंदी पाठ
जहां कि कोई वादी किसी विशिष्ट वादहेतुक के बारे में कोई और वाद संस्थित करने से नियमों द्वारा प्रवारित (वर्जित) कर दिया गया है, वहां वह किसी ऐसे न्यायालय में जिसे यह संहिता लागू होती है, ऐसे वादहेतुक के बारे में कोई वाद संस्थित करने का हकदार नहीं होगा।