Review
Full Text
Subject as aforesaid, any person considering himself aggrieved—
(a) by a decree or order from which an appeal is allowed by this Code, but from which no appeal has been preferred,
(b) by a decree or order from which no appeal is allowed by this Code, or
(c) by a decision on a reference from a Court of Small Causes,
may apply for a review of judgment to the Court which passed the decree or made the order, and the Court may make such order thereon as it thinks fit.
Plain English Summary
Section 114 provides the substantive statutory right of Review, empowering an aggrieved person to apply to the very court that passed a decree or order for re-examination of its judgment where no appeal has been preferred or where no appeal is allowed by law.
Key Legal Elements
- Three Eligibility Triggers: (a) Appealable decree/order where no appeal is preferred, (b) Non-appealable decree/order, or (c) Small causes reference decision.
- Forum of Application: Review must be filed before the very same court/bench that pronounced the judgment or order.
- Exhaustive Grounds (Order XLVII Rule 1): Limited to discovery of new vital evidence, error apparent on the face of the record, or analogous sufficient reason.
- Distinction from Appeal: A review is for correction of patent errors, not a rehearing or reappraisal of evidence.
Practical Note
Substantive Right of Review & Grounds under Order XLVII Rule 1: (1) Review is Not an Appeal in Disguise: Section 114 grants the substantive right, while Order XLVII Rule 1 lays down the strict, exhaustive grounds for review: (i) discovery of new and important matter/evidence which after due diligence could not be produced earlier, (ii) mistake or error apparent on the face of the record, or (iii) any other sufficient reason (which must be ejusdem generis with the first two). A review cannot be used for re-hearing an entire matter or substituting one possible view for another (*Kamlesh Verma v. Mayawati, 2013* & *State of West Bengal v. Kamal Sengupta, 2008*). (2) Pendency of Appeal Bars Review: Under Order XLVII Rule 1, if an appeal has already been preferred and is pending, no review application can be entertained. However, if a review application is filed before an appeal is preferred, the review remains maintainable. (3) Forum: Review lies strictly to the same Court/Judge that pronounced the decree.
हिंदी पाठ
पूर्वोक्त के अधीन रहते हुए, कोई भी व्यक्ति, जो अपने आपको—
(क) ऐसी डिक्री या आदेश से, जिसकी अपील इस संहिता द्वारा अनुज्ञात है, किंतु जिसकी कोई अपील नहीं की गई है,
(ख) ऐसी डिक्री या आदेश से, जिसकी कोई अपील इस संहिता द्वारा अनुज्ञात नहीं है, अथवा
(ग) लघुवाद न्यायालय से किसी निर्देश पर किए गए विनिश्चय से,
व्यथित समझता है, उस न्यायालय से, जिसने वह डिक्री पारित की थी या वह आदेश किया था, निर्णय के पुनर्विलोकन (Review) के लिए आवेदन कर सकेगा, और न्यायालय उस पर ऐसा आदेश कर सकेगा जैसा वह ठीक समझे।