Verification of pleadings
Full Text
(1) Save as otherwise provided by any law for the time being in force, every pleading shall be verified at the foot by the party or by one of the parties pleading or by some other person proved to the satisfaction of the Court to be acquainted with the facts of the case.
(2) The person verifying shall specify, by reference to the numbered paragraphs of the pleading, what he verifies of his own knowledge and what he verifies upon information received and believed to be true.
(3) The verification shall be signed by the person making it and shall state the date on which and the place at which it was signed.
(4) The person verifying the pleading shall also furnish an affidavit in support of his pleadings.
Plain English Summary
Prescribes the mandatory formal verification of pleadings, requiring distinct segregation of personal knowledge from belief based on information, and mandating a supporting sworn affidavit under sub-rule (4) read with Section 26(2).
Key Legal Elements
- Person Qualified to Verify: The litigant, co-party, or a person acquainted with the facts of the case.
- Segregation of Knowledge vs. Belief (Sub-rule 2): Paragraphs based on personal knowledge must be explicitly separated from those based on information and legal advice.
- Date and Place Mandatory: Omission of date and place is a procedural defect.
- Mandatory Supporting Affidavit (Sub-rule 4): Inserted by 1999/2002 Amendment to eliminate frivolous litigation and anchor criminal perjury liability.
Practical Note
Standard Drafting Clause & Supreme Court Jurisprudence: 1. Standard Verification Format: 'I, [Name], the Plaintiff above named, do hereby verify that the contents of paragraphs 1 to [X] of the plaint are true to my personal knowledge and contents of paragraphs [Y] to [Z] are based on information received and legal advice, which I believe to be true. Verified at [Place] on this [Date] day of [Month, Year].' 2. Perjury Exposure: By virtue of the sub-rule (4) affidavit and Section 26(2), verified false pleadings directly invite prosecution under Section 340 CrPC / Section 379 BNSS read with Section 193 IPC / BNS. 3. Rectification: Defective verification is an irregularity curable under Section 153 CPC and does not automatically dismiss the plaint.
हिंदी पाठ
(1) प्रवृत्त किसी विधि द्वारा अन्यथा उपबंधित के सिवाय, प्रत्येक अभिवचन का पाद-भाग (At the foot) में पक्षकार द्वारा या अभिवचन करने वाले पक्षकारों में से किसी एक द्वारा अथवा मामले के तथ्यों से परिचित किसी अन्य व्यक्ति द्वारा, जिसका न्यायालय के समाधानप्रद रूप में साबित किया जाए, सत्यापन (Verification) किया जाएगा।
(2) सत्यापन करने वाला व्यक्ति अभिवचन के संख्यांकित पैराओं के संदर्भ में यह विनिर्दिष्ट करेगा कि वह अपने निजी ज्ञान से क्या सत्यापित करता है और उस सूचना के आधार पर, जिसके सत्य होने का वह विश्वास करता है, क्या सत्यापित करता है।
(3) सत्यापन पर उसे करने वाले व्यक्ति द्वारा हस्ताक्षर किए जाएंगे और वह तारीख तथा स्थान कथित करेगा जहां वह हस्ताक्षरित किया गया था।
(4) अभिवचन का सत्यापन करने वाला व्यक्ति अपने अभिवचनों के समर्थन में एक शपथपत्र (Affidavit) भी प्रस्तुत करेगा।