Particulars to be given where necessary
Full Text
In all cases in which the party pleading relies on any misrepresentation, fraud, breach of trust, wilful default, or undue influence, and in all other cases in which particulars may be necessary beyond such as are exemplified in the forms aforesaid, particulars (with dates and items if necessary) shall be stated in the pleading.
Plain English Summary
Mandates strict pleading of full particulars—including exact dates, specific acts, and items—whenever a party alleges fraud, misrepresentation, breach of trust, undue influence, or wilful default.
Key Legal Elements
- Mandatory Particulars Exception to Rule 2: While evidence is excluded, full particulars of fraud/undue influence are mandatory.
- Five Statutory Categories: (1) Misrepresentation; (2) Fraud; (3) Breach of Trust; (4) Wilful Default; (5) Undue Influence.
- Strict Requirement of Dates & Items: General or vague allegations of fraud/coercion are legally ignored.
- Fatal Consequence of Omission: Vague plea of fraud cannot be entertained, and no evidence can be led on unparticularized fraud.
Practical Note
The Master Rule on Pleading Fraud & Undue Influence: 1. Landmark Precedent on Particulars of Fraud - Bishundeo Narain v. Seogeni Rai (AIR 1951 SC 280): Supreme Court authoritatively held: 'In cases of fraud, undue influence and coercion, the parties pleading it must set forth full particulars and the case can only be decided on the particulars as laid. There can be no departure from them in evidence. General allegations, however strong the words, do not amount even to an averment of fraud'. 2. Subhash Chandra Das Mushib v. Ganga Prasad Das Mushib (AIR 1967 SC 878): For undue influence, the pleading must show: (i) the relation between parties was such that one was in a position to dominate the will of the other, and (ii) that position was used to obtain an unfair advantage, with specific particulars. 3. Defense Strategy under Order VII Rule 11 / Order VI Rule 16: Where a plaintiff files a suit to cancel a registered sale deed alleging 'fraud and misrepresentation' without pleading dates, false representations, or who committed what act, move under Order VI Rule 16 to strike out the pleadings or under Order VII Rule 11(a) for failure to disclose a complete cause of action.
हिंदी पाठ
उन सभी मामलों में जिनमें अभिवचन करने वाला पक्षकार किसी दुर्व्यपदेशन (Misrepresentation), कपट (Fraud), न्यासभंग (Breach of trust), जानबूझकर किए गए व्यतिक्रम (Wilful default) या असम्यक् असर (Undue influence) पर निर्भर करता है, और उन अन्य सभी मामलों में जिनमें पूर्वोक्त प्ररूपों में दिए गए उदाहरणों से परे विशिष्टियों की आवश्यकता हो, अभिवचन में विशिष्टियां (यदि आवश्यक हो तो तारीखों और मदों सहित) कथित की जाएंगी।