Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf

Admissions are relevant and may be proved as against the person who makes them, or his representative in interest; but they cannot be proved by or on behalf of the person who makes them or by his representative in interest, except in the following cases, namely:—

(1) an admission may be proved by or on behalf of the person making it, when it is of such a nature that, if the person making it were dead, it would be relevant as between third persons under section 26;

(2) an admission may be proved by or on behalf of the person making it, when it consists of a statement of the existence of any state of mind or body, relevant or in issue, made at or about the time when such state of mind or body existed, and is accompanied by conduct rendering its falsehood improbable;

(3) an admission may be proved by or on behalf of the person making it, if it is relevant otherwise than as an admission.

Illustrations.
(a) A and B dispute a deed's genuineness. A can prove B's statement that it is genuine, and vice versa. But neither can prove their own previous statement of genuineness or forgery.
(b) A ship captain produces his business log to prove he didn't go off course. This is admissible as it would be relevant under section 26 if he were dead.
(c) A letter with a post-mark used to prove location on a specific date is admissible.
(d) Refusal to sell stolen goods below value can be proved to explain conduct and intent.
(e) Asking a person to examine currency for forgery proves good faith and lack of knowledge.

स्वीकृतियाँ उन्हें करने वाले व्यक्ति के विरुद्ध साबित की जा सकती हैं, लेकिन वे उन्हें करने वाले व्यक्ति द्वारा साबित नहीं की जा सकतीं, सिवाय:

(1) यदि वह धारा 26 के तहत सुसंगत होती (मृत्युकालिक कथन/व्यापार अनुक्रम);

(2) मन या शरीर की अवस्था का कथन जो आचरण द्वारा समर्थित हो;

(3) यदि वह स्वीकृति के अलावा किसी अन्य कारण से सुसंगत हो।

दृष्टांत:
(क) विलेख की असलियत: A स्वयं के बयान कि विलेख असली है, साबित नहीं कर सकता, लेकिन B का वैसा बयान साबित कर सकता है।
(ख) कप्तान की लॉग-बुक: इसे साबित किया जा सकता है क्योंकि यह व्यापार के अनुक्रम में है।
(ग) पोस्ट-मार्क वाला पत्र: स्थान साबित करने के लिए सुसंगत है।
(घ) मूल्य से कम पर बेचने से इनकार: चोरी के माल के मामले में आचरण समझाने के लिए सुसंगत है।
(ङ) विशेषज्ञ से जांच कराना: जाली मुद्रा के मामले में सद्भाव सिद्ध करने के लिए सुसंगत है।